Sunday, April 24, 2005

A Complex New Pope?

This article on Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI is eminently worth a read. I must say that I came away from it with rather more sympathy for Ratzinger than I had on the way in.

There are, unsurprisingly, some scary and amusing things in the piece. It reports on some of his writings, which contain predictable Catholic sophistry about sex. (It's a source of endless fascination for me that so many religious folks are so filled with fear and loathing of sex that they will produce endless streams of patently fallacious arguments about how terrible it is unless viewed as a mere means to an end... A sad and tawdry bit of world slander, that...) At one point he also says that the (old) Pope told him that his most important religious obligation was not to have his own opinions, and he seemed to be o.k. with that. (Perhaps strangely, I think there might be a non-irrational interpretation of this. Though see Peirce on the Method of Authority.)

So how can we respect someone who so subordinates his own thinking to others and so demeans human sexuality? What could be more inhumane than denigrating freedom of thought and wonderfulness of sex?

Yeah, good question.

Reportedly he is a man willing to listen to reason and admit error, and that goes a long way in my book. I'm also sympathitic with those who have been driven to the right by seeing how deeply rotten the extreme left can be, and it is his encounters with campus radicals in the '60's that seems to have sent him in a more conservative direction. I'm not saying that makes his positions right, of course, but I am saying that I can understand that reaction. It's an old story. My early brushes with the rot of Christian fundamentalism probably sent me in a more liberal direction than I might have otherwise gone in (um...in which than I otherwise might have gone?), and I have conservative friends who became conservative in large part because of experiences like those of Ratzinger.

(Footnote: even liberals who don't care about lefty bias on campus on moral grounds should care on prudential ones. Some of the best and the brightest turn right after encountering the ugliness of the radical left.)

But reportedly Ratzinger thinks that religious certainties are the only thing that can save us from the barbarism of right- and left-wing totalitarianisms. That's not true, but the arguments for that position are subtle and seductive. It's easy to fall for them, and many intelligent people have done so. And if you think that religious authoritarianism is the only thing standing between us and the End Of Everything--well, then accepting such authoritarianism is perhaps not such an unreasonable thing.

At any rate, this Times piece reminded me of the dangers of thinking in cartoonish ways about those with whom one disagrees. Ratzinger might be wrong--in fact he rather clearly is wrong about a great number of things. But that doesn't entail that he's stupid or evil. In case you doubt this, it might be worth reflecting on the fact that you and I are almost certainly also wrong about a great number of things.

So, anyway, here's wishing good luck to the new Pope, especially in his inquiries. I hope he either gets closer to the truth or figures out a way to explain to me and mine why we're the ones who are missing it.

25 Comments:

Anonymous Anonymous said...

FROM wmr:

For me the problem of argument from authority is that it raises the question of knowing which authority to follow. There are, after all, many authorities and their claims cannot all be true. Accepting that one authority is true makes it necessary to affirm that contradictory authorities are false.

But how does one decide? Take someone else's word for it? That just pushes the problem back a level.

It seems to me that the choice ultimately comes down to the individual and that everyone must be ready to say "here are my reasons for accepting this authority" or "I have no reasons--I just feel that this is the right choice."

IMO, the most common explanation for why someone feels that way is because that's the way they were brought up, but that doesn't carry much weight philosophically.

2:58 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

"He condemned abortion, contraception, homosexual relations, sex without marriage, "radical feminism" and transsexuality. The wrongness of those ideas all arise from the separation of sexuality from motherhood and marriage, he said."

Anyone care to explain why paedophilia isn't on Ratzinger's list? Or mentioned in the article, even once?
VKW

3:07 PM  
Blogger Tom Van Dyke said...

Believe it or not, I try very hard not to muck up philosophical discussions with theology. But since the subject is religion, I hope I'll be given a pass here.

Wmr, my beloved enemy (I like to think of us instead as members of a karass), you are not wrong. If I may cop WS' locution, the astute theologian doesn't lean on authority. Such authority is meaningless to anyone who doesn't accept it.

It was Aquinas' life project to reconcile revelation with reason. But we ourselves know little of him today.

Further, he was just a man, and he was wrong about some things, as man is prone to be. And if I deflect certain of your challenges, it's because I will invariably be wrong at some point too, and don't wish to be the standard by which you judge your inquiry about the important things.

You are not expected to park your reason at the door. But the only answers that will satisfy you (and rightly so) will be those you derive yourself.

"Test all things, and hold firmly that which is good."---Paul, Thessalonians 5:21

Socrates and Jesus, and even Paul, who's the biggest loudmouth and True Convinced Believer in the entire Bible, were members of the same karass, of this I am sure.

And in Paul's case, he was equally vociferous in persecuting Christianity before his conversion as he was afterward in advancing it. It was in his nature, mebbe, and in yours and mine, too.


To the other comments, I offer this as food for thought, or grist for the mill, as the case may be.

9:03 PM  
Blogger Tom Van Dyke said...

Tibetan Buddhism was mentioned because it is a spiritual inquiry not founded on any revelation, that is to say, authority.

And I only asked a pass for myself. God, if He exists, can take care of Himself.

12:33 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

From Barbara

"But reportedly Ratzinger thinks that religious certainties are the only thing that can save us from the barbarism of right- and left-wing totalitarianisms."

But what is certain to Ratzinger may not be certain to me, and in any event, there are many certainties that I don't want to see enforced by legal action because I believe too much in human freedom notwithstanding the tendency of humans to deviate off the course of "religious certainty" (the certainty that adultery is wrong, for instance). Maybe the degree to which humans deviate reflects the fact that they, like me, are not so certain.

In any event, to say that "religious certainty" is essential is a lot like saying nothing at all. It's not even a beginning to a conversation and it is breathless in its sweeping ignorance of the MOST of human history, in which the tyranny of religious certainty has a long and storied past that continues into the present (Iran, Saudi Arabia, anyone?). Does anyone really believe that religious tyranny is preferable to the secular kind? And can a regime be called secular tyranny if it permits human freedom? His thinking reflects some seriously distorted "up is downism."

10:47 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

FROM wmr:

Finally read the whole NYT article and I want to spotlight one thing in particular. On page 3 under Taking Ideas to Rome, I get the definite impression that what he cares about most is protecting the authority and the reputation of the Church: "open criticism hurts the church."

Also, it appears that in his encounters with the student protesters, "his personality was a magnet for this aggression", drawing more attention than most of his fellow teachers. He was the only one who left the faculty meeting which was disrupted.(page 2, paragraphs 3 & 5) Reminds me of Bloom at Cornell.

But then, I keep in mind that it took a Nixon to go to China.

8:58 PM  
Blogger Tom Van Dyke said...

"The university was in chaos," [Seckler] said. "It was horrible. The students kept professors from talking. They were verbally abusive, very primitive and aggressive, and this aggression was especially directed against Ratzinger. He had the most students coming to his lectures, but his personality was a magnet for this aggression. He had something fascinating about him, and this made him an object of hatred."

The fascination and the hatred are of the same fabric.


"He's very good, very strong in an argument, in discussion, but when he is confronted by vulgar aggression, he doesn't know how to handle it. The students felt this and saw it as his weak point."

Following his Guru per Mt 7:6. Wise.

9:43 PM  
Blogger Winston Smith said...

Yeah, I gotta give Rat a pass on this one. I give him credit for not punching them out--which, I must admit, is what I would be likely to do if someone shouted me down under such circumstances.

You've got to keep in mind that the radical left is every bit as much a threat to democracy, freedom, and liberalism as the radical right. I don't care whether it's the KKK or the Marxists who are interfering with the free exchange of ideas and the proper functioning of the university.

Again: such illiberal barbarism by the left is what drives many good people too far to the right. I'm not saying that Ratzinger would have been Al Gore were it not for this experience...but apparently he wouldn't be the Neader-pope (Australopopethicus?), either...

10:32 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

FROM wmr:

I agree that behavior such as that of the protesting students is inexcusable and will often be counter-productive. That said, I wouldn't give either Ratzinger or the students a pass on this.

There is evidence in the article that Ratzinger's personality and personal history played a part in the way the situation unfolded and that he may have overreacted. After all, as obnoxious as the students were, he was the only one to walk out. This may be turning the other cheek, but it also definitively ended his part in any potential dialogue.

Page 1, last paragraph says that memories of the incidents vary (big surprise). Perhaps it was the older faculty members' own longer memories of the Nazi period that made them more patient with the protesters.

Finally, the same paragraph says that R "was troubled most particularly by the demands from within the theology departments for democratization of the church". It seems that the status of the Church (and its hierarchy ?) was already a very sensitive point for him.

12:56 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

This whole notion of accepting people's extremism when it is, in part, provoked by bad experiences with OTHER extremists, is a little shaky in my view. The most obvious example of this that I can think of are the Soviet subjects of Eastern Europe who, in the aftermath of Operation Barbarosa, took up arms for the Nazis due to their hatred of and oppression by Stalin. Experiencing the horrors of Communism does not excuse Nazism, any more than knowing the horrors of Nazism excuses Stalinism. Furthermore, in less extreme examples, it's just a faulty rational. In fact, as tvd points out that the "ugliness" of extremists stems more from the essential personality of the extremist, not the philosophy being espoused (David Horowitz is the most perfect example of this: from a hateful Leftist psychotic to a hateful Rightist psychotic in thirty years: change the names, and the attacks are the same mindless drivel). The very FACT that there are hateful, violent, anti-democratic extremists on all sides of any political debate seems to suggest that the IDEAS are not the generators of extremism, so much as the temperment of the extremists. So, blaming fundie parents or asshole PC speech coders for your political and philosophical views seems to me, essentially unjustifiable.

In the specific case of Ratzinger, I find it a bit hard to believe that his youthful experience of NAZISM should have left less of an imprint on his viewpoint than a bunch of rude dickheads in a college lecture hall. But, if your chief concern is, as it seems to be in Ratzinger's case, ORDER, I can see how the chaos represented by the New Left felt like a deeper threat. Again, we return to the issue of temperment.

2:58 PM  
Blogger Winston Smith said...

I'm actually with on on this I think, Matt. I'm not suggesting that such things can completely excuse all extremism, but only that they can at least *partially* excuse at least some actions and beliefs.

E.g. If X is subjected to wacko fundamentalist propaganda for years and then becomes biased against Christians, I think X has something of an excuse.

I hope I didn't give the impression that I thought that this *completely* excused JR's extremism. If I did, I hereby disavow that claim.

3:33 PM  
Blogger Tom Van Dyke said...

Welcome words for all, I think, from Cardinal Ratzinger back in November, decrying both religious and nihilistic absolutism.

God is on nobody's side but His own.


"There are pathologies of religion and of reason," and both are "mortal dangers for peace " and for "the whole of humanity," said Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger.

"If God's image becomes something partial to the point of identifying the absolute of God with a concrete community or with certain of its interests, it destroys law and morality," the cardinal pointed out...

"In this context, the good is what is at the service of my power and the difference between good and evil is blurred. Morality and law become partisan," he added.

"But there is also the pathology of reason totally separated from God," the cardinal emphasized, in the article entitled "The West, Islam, and the Foundations of Peace."

"We have seen it in totalitarian ideologies that denied all relationship with God and attempted to construct the new man, the new world," he added.

In this connection, Cardinal Ratzinger mentioned the examples of Adolf Hitler, Marxist leaders, and Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge party in Cambodia as "perhaps the most dramatic expressions of this pathology of reason."

"Only reason that remains open to God, a reason that does not relegate morality to the subjective sphere and doesn't reduce it to pure calculation, can avoid the manipulation of the notion of God and the sicknesses of religion and can offer a therapy," he wrote.

The cardinal said that in this connection Christians must face a "great challenge."

"Their task, our task, consists in leading reason to function wholly, not only in the field of technology and the material development of the world but also and, above all, in so far as faculty of truth, promoting its capacity to recognize the good, which is the condition of law and, consequently, the premise of peace in the world," he said.

Because of this, Cardinal Ratzinger added, it "is our specific task, as Christians of the present time, to integrate the notion of God in the struggle for the defense of the human person."


"Sicknesses of religion." That's sure telling it like it is.

5:30 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

FROM wmr:

matt c, I agree with your conclusion that "the IDEAS are not the generators of extremism, so much as the temperment of the extremists." Good analogies, excellent points.

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